Palabras clave
Recién nacido de muy bajo peso
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Resumen
La mortalidad en los recién nacidos muy bajo peso (RNMBP) representa hasta el 50%-70% de la mortalidad neonatal y hasta el 25%-30% de la mortalidad infantil. A pesar del aumento global en las tasas de sobrevida, esta población sigue presentando un riesgo elevado de desarrollar retrasos en el neurodesarrollo a largo plazo, enfermedad pulmonar crónica, desnutrición, discapacidades visuales y auditivas. La composición microbiana intestinal de los RNMBP difiere de la de los recién nacidos a término y está típicamente dominada por patobiontes. En este estudio, caracterizamos la composición bacteriana de la microbiota intestinal de los RNMBP nacidos en una maternidad pública, de referencia y terciaria en Montevideo, Uruguay, mediante la secuenciación del gen 16S rRNA de longitud completa utilizando tecnologías Oxford Nanopore. Describimos una alta predominancia de Klebsiella pneumoniae y Escherichia coli en estos recién nacidos. Al secuenciar muestras de materia fecal en dos tiempos diferentes de la hospitalización, mostramos que la diversidad de la comunidad microbiana aumenta con el tiempo, con una mayor abundancia relativa de Bacteroides y Veillonella. Asimismo, describimos el efecto de la exposición prolongada a antibióticos en la composición microbiana. Se observaron diferentes especies del género Klebsiella junto con Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii y Veillonella parvula en una mayor abundancia relativa en pacientes tratados con antibióticos durante más de cinco días. En conjunto, nuestros hallazgos arrojan luz sobre el desarrollo y establecimiento de comunidades microbianas en los primeros años de vida en América del Sur. Nuestros resultados señalan a los antibióticos posnatales como un factor principal que orquesta este proceso. La integración de consideraciones sobre la salud de la comunidad microbiana en la atención clínica de los prematuros es crucial para mejorar el desarrollo a largo plazo.
Citas
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2026 Catalina Vaz Ferreira, Josefina Vera, Mario Moraes, Nadia Riera