Archives of Pediatrics publication is edited by the Sociedad Uruguaya de Pediatría, and aims to disseminate scientific information in the area of pediatrics.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Guillermo Pose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of early bacterial colonizers in very low birth weight infants
Mortality in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants accounts for up to 50%-70% of neonatal mortality and up to 25%-30% of infant mortality. Despite the global increase in survival rates, this population continues to present an elevated risk of developing long-term neurodevelopmental delays, chronic lung disease, malnutrition, and visual and hearing impairments. The intestinal microbial composition of VLBW infants differs from that of full-term newborns and is typically dominated by pathobionts. In this study, we characterized the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota of VLBW infants born in a public, tertiary referral maternity hospital in Montevideo, Uruguay, through full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing using Oxford Nanopore technologies. We described a high predominance of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in these newborns. By sequencing stool samples at two different times during hospitalization, we showed that the diversity of the microbial community increases over time, with a higher relative abundance of Bacteroides and Veillonella. Furthermore, we described the effect of prolonged antibiotic exposure on the microbial composition. Different species of the genus Klebsiella, along with Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, and Veillonella parvula, were observed in higher relative abundance in patients treated with antibiotics for more than five days. Collectively, our findings shed light on the development and establishment of microbial communities in early life in South America. Our results point to postnatal antibiotics as a primary factor orchestrating this process. Integrating considerations of microbial community health into the clinical care of preterm infants is crucial to improving long-term development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Catalina Vaz Ferreira, Josefina Vera, Mario Moraes, Nadia Riera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The other side of pediatric tuberculosis
Introduction: tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents (C&A) is a growing health concern in Uruguay. While efforts have focused on early identification, prompt diagnosis, and timely treatment, there are less explored dimensions, such as the social impact and stigmatization the disease generates in the daily lives of C&A and their families. Objectives: describe the sociodemographic characteristics of children under 15 years of age diagnosed with TB in 2024 and 2025, residing in Montevideo and the Metropolitan Area. To estimate school absenteeism caused by the disease due to indications for respiratory isolation, the need for hospitalization, medical follow-ups, and treatment supervision. Explore experiences of stigmatization and discrimination in the school environment perceived by C&A. Methodology: an observational descriptive study combining a retrospective analysis (TB cases in children under 15 carried out between January 1, 2024, and June 30, 2025, in Montevideo and the metropolitan area) and a cross-sectional analysis (assessment of stigma in C&A aged 8 to 14 undergoing treatment in July 2025). Data were obtained from the National Tuberculosis Registry. Variables included sociodemographic data (age, sex, department, and municipality; family composition) and clinical data (TB form, days of hospitalization, treatment duration according to regimens). Social impact: estimation of school absenteeism (initial respiratory isolation—time from diagnosis to school return; medical check-ups and in-person treatment supervision). Stigma assessment: adaptation of the Child Tuberculosis Stigma Scale (CTSS)—a version not locally validated, used for exploratory purposes in this study—evaluating perceived stigma, internalized stigma, and discrimination. Results: a total of 170 C&A were diagnosed with TB in Montevideo and the Metropolitan area: 111 in 2024 and 59 in 2025. Males: 51%. Mean age: 8 years (DE 4,1 years), range: 8 months to 14 years and 10 months. Residents of Montevideo: 68% (Municipality A: 22%; D: 15%; and F: 31%). Single-parent households: 87%; female-parent households: 82%. ASSE (public health system) users: 82%. Pulmonary TB localization: 91%. Hospitalization: 33/170 (19%), average stay: 9.6 days (DE 8 days). Treatment evaluation: successful: 74%; loss to follow-up: 3%; currently in treatment: 23%. Duration: 4-month regimen: average 150 days (range 118–182); 6-month treatment: average 197 days (range 163–298). Respiratory isolation: average 12 days (range 5–26 days); medical check-ups: mean 6 visits (range 4–11); in-person treatment supervision: mean 20 days (range 12–26 days). Surveys (N=15): Global result: low level of stigma (100%: 0–6 points). Sub-dimensions: 1. Perceived stigma: 100% low; 2. Internalized stigma: 80% low, 20% moderate; 3. Discrimination and exclusion: 100% low. By item: 46% prefer not to tell anyone they have TB; 34% feel it is their fault they are sick; 33% feel sad or ashamed of having TB; 33% feel that people are afraid to come near them because of their illness. Conclusions: pediatric tuberculosis in Uruguay mostly affects C&A from vulnerable backgrounds, single-parent households, and users of the public health system. School absenteeism due to the disease is non-negligible, affecting the integral development and socialization of C&A. Stigmatization, although low in global scores, manifests in feelings of shame and guilt, which may affect self-esteem and therapeutic adherence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gabriela Amaya, Valeria Moreira, Soledad Pandolfo, Andrea Tort https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Benefits of a drama intervention for therapeutic purposes in a healthcare center in Uruguay
Introduction: in the contemporary approach to mental health and situations of violence involving children and adolescents, hospitalization is reserved for contexts of extreme vulnerability, where a medicalized centered approach is required. This research seeks to generate knowledge regarding the incorporation of drama workshops as a complementary strategy, using an interdisciplinary and rights-based approach. Objectives: to describe the benefits of a drama intervention on the emotional well-being and adaptive functioning of adolescents between 10 and 14 years of age hospitalized due to violence or mental health issues. Methodology: this study used a mixed methodology (quantitative and qualitative). Drama workshops were implemented by an interdisciplinary team. Benefits were evaluated through participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and questions based on the BarOn Emotional Intelligence Inventory. Epidemiological data were collected. The analysis included methodological triangulation and coding of substantive categories. Results: a total of 45 theater workshops were carried out. Participants included 122 female and 41 male adolescents; 54 were admitted due to violence and 109 for mental health reasons. One hundred sixteen participants were receiving psychotropic medications. Observation and interviews showed improvements in expression, mood, and confidence, highlighting theater as a space for emotional transformation. The BarOn scales showed certain changes in mood and stress management before and after the theater workshop. Discussion: the intervention improved emotional expression, well-being, and protective bonds, while promoting leadership, appropriation of space, and humanization. Conclusions: drama is an effective tool in the comprehensive care of hospitalized adolescents, it creates emotional well-being and improves adaptive behaviours.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cecilia Izuibejeres, Gustavo Giachetto, Ma. Elena Pérez, Laura Pouso, Carlos Zunino, Silvia Méndez, Domingo Milesi, Marcia Press, Valentina García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Children, girls, and adolescents as victims of violence
Introduction: violence against Children, Girls, and Adolescents (CGA) is a growing problem worldwide. Our country is no exception to this reality. The figures provided by the 2024 SIPIAV report are alarming: more than 24 situations daily and more than 7 new situations per day. The healthcare system plays a fundamental role in the prevention, detection, and assistance of these situations. In response to this reality, Gender and Generational-Based Violence Reference Teams (ErVBGG) were created within healthcare institutions. Objectives: to describe the situations of violence against CGA received and assisted by an ErVBGG in an ASSE health provider (Hospital Cerro) in Montevideo that until now had no systematized data. Methodology: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between June 1, 2024, and May 31, 2025. All cases received and assisted by the ErVBGG involving users aged 0–18 years were analyzed. The variables analyzed were age, sex, and type of violence. Regarding the latter, classification is difficult, as CGA are generally affected by several types of violence simultaneously; in this case, we recorded the primary type of violence that prompted the referral to the team. Within the sexual violence variable, we analyzed: sex, age, whether the situation was intra- or extra-domiciliary, and whether the situations were single or recurrent. Data were obtained from electronic medical records and interviews with families. Absolute frequencies and relative percentage frequencies were calculated. The median was used as the measure of central tendency. Results: in one year of work, 60 CGA (0–18 years of age) were assisted. Sixty percent of the situations were referred from the healthcare system, 13% from socio-educational institutions, and 15% from the justice system. Seventy percent of the CGA were female (FS). Fifty percent were concentrated in the 6 to 12-year age range, with a median of 9.5 years. When analyzing the types of violence, sexual violence was the main reason for referral to the ErVBGG, representing 38% of the assisted situations. In these cases, 83% of the victims were FS and all perpetrators were male. In 44% of the CGA, the perpetrator lived with the victim and/or was a close relative. Seventy-four percent were recurrent situations. Regarding where the disclosure originated, 44% were reported at home, 22% in a healthcare institution, and 17% in an educational institution. Of the assisted situations, 67% were under or had entered legal proceedings at the time of the intervention. Conclusions: these are the first systematized data on the ErVBGG in an ASSE health provider (Hospital Cerro) in Montevideo. They coincide with other publications where most situations are chronic, concentrated in school age, victims are mostly FS, and perpetrators are male, cohabitants, or relatives. These data show that the healthcare system still has much to do in the prevention, detection, and assistance of CGA to prevent their rights from continuing to be violated.
Copyright (c) 2026 María Caggiani, Vivian Martínez, Fernanda Revelese https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of overall and externally-based mortality in children under 15 years of age in Uruguay, 2019-2023
Introduction: most available mortality data in children are restricted to those under 1 year of age. Objectives: analyze mortality in children <15 years of age over the last 5 years. Explore the frequency and mechanisms of external causes. Methodology: a descriptive epidemiological study of children <15 years of age who died in Uruguay between 2019 and 2023. Mortality databases from the Ministry of Health, population estimates from the National Statistics Institute, and the ICD-10 classification were used. Rates per 10,000 with 95% CI were calculated for three age groups: (A) <1 year, (B) 1 to <5 years, and (C) 5 to <15 years. Results: between 2019 and 2023, there were 1,727 deaths in children under 15 years of age; 984 (57.0%) were male. There were 1,125 (65.1%) in group A, 227 (13.1%) in group B, and 375 (21.7%) in group C. The mortality rate in A was 65.5 (61.8–69.5), in B was 2.4 (2.1–2.7), and in C was 1.6 (1.5–1.8) %. The three primary causes in A were neonatal conditions 533 (47.4%), malformations 313 (27.8%), and R codes 128 (11.4%). In B: external causes 51 (22.5%), nervous system diseases 36 (15.9%), and malformations 34 (15.0%). In C: external causes 126 (33.6%), neoplasms 79 (21.1%), and nervous system diseases 63 (16.8%). Of the total deaths, 209 (12.1%) were due to external causes: falls and miscellaneous accidents 40.2%, transport accidents 30.3%, assaults/violence 14.8%, suicide 8.1%, side effects of treatments 3.8%, and others 2.9%. Conclusions: we have described mortality rates and causes for children <15 years of age. After the first year of life, external causes are the primary cause of death.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alejandro Cuesta, Matías Muñoz, Gabriela Fajardo, Franco González, Mario Romero , Laura Garré https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Uruguayan Society of Pediatrics - 2025-2027
Comisión Directiva Sociedad Uruguaya de Pediatría
Copyright (c) 2026 Comisión Directiva Sociedad Uruguaya de Pediatría https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Update: pediatric pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare entity. It is not a disease in itself, but a heterogeneous hemodynamic and pathophysiological state that results from various clinical conditions. PH is classified into five groups, from 1 to 5. In pediatrics, the most frequent groups are 1 and 3. Early diagnosis is essential to enable timely treatment, slowing the remodeling of pulmonary vessels and cardiac chambers, and preventing the development of Cor pulmonale.
Copyright (c) 2026 Krystel Cantirán, Isabel Moreira, Catalina Pinchak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Introduction: galactorrhea in adolescents is a rare clinical finding with variable etiology, ranging from physiological to pathological conditions. Its diagnostic approach must be systematic and individualized to determine the need for treatment. Objectives: to describe a comprehensive clinical-diagnostic approach for the evaluation of adolescents with galactorrhea, highlighting the most frequent causes, recommended tests, and therapeutic strategies. Methodology: a narrative review was conducted based on clinical guidelines and updated scientific literature on galactorrhea in the adolescent population, including national and international sources. We propose a stepped study algorithm guided by the clinical presentation. Conclusions: in post-pubertal adolescents, pregnancy must be ruled out as the primary cause. Medications, especially antipsychotics, represent the most common secondary cause. Other frequent etiologies include hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, and, less frequently, prolactinomas. In most cases, specific treatment is not necessary, except when there is persistent hyperprolactinemia, associated symptoms, or a treatable organic cause.
Copyright (c) 2026 Liliana Cedrés, Stephanie Viroga, Loreley García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2026 Walter Pérez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Does Uruguay need a cohort study of pregnant women and newborns in order to answer important questions about children health?
Copyright (c) 2026 Alicia Alemán, Bernardo Bertoni, Graciela Castellano, Mercedes Colomar, Esther Lacava , Alicia Matijasevich, Mónica Méndez, Mariana Mugico, Luciana Piccardo, Rosana Rodríguez, Anabella Santoro, Natalia Trabal, Janet TRujillo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Guidelines for the use of images of children, adolescents and young adults from a rights-based perspective
Copyright (c) 2026 Magdalena Caraballo, Camila Cafaro, Carlos Zunino, Lucía de Pena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the Pediatric Emergency Services in Uruguay
Copyright (c) 2022 Mariana Más https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Introduction: the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the SARS-CoV2 COVID 19 pandemic on March 11, 2020. In Uruguay, on March 13, 2020, the first cases were reported, and a state of health emergency was set up. From the beginning of the epidemic until April 27, 2021, 22,718 cases were reported in children under 15 years of age. Given this epidemiological situation, the Department of Pediatrics implemented the telephone consultations and clinical follow-up of children and adolescents (CHA) who consulted in the Pediatric Emergency and became cases and/or contacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19). Objective: to analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children under follow-up for suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection in a tertiary care hospital between March 1, 2020 and February 28, 2021. Material and methods: a retrospective descriptive observational study was carried out in the period mentioned above. Patients from 0 to 14 years old who consulted in the Pediatric Emergency Department with symptoms of COVID 19 or because of a contact with a confirmed case were included. Data sources: admission statistics, medical records and laboratory. Variables: consultation date, sex, age, origin, clinic, confirmed COVID 19 contact, comorbidity, PCR test result for SARS-CoV-2, follow-up and evolution. Statistical analysis frequency distribution, summary measures and significance tests, a value of p≤0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Ethical considerations: no specific intervention was performed, the privacy and anonymity of the people involved were guaranteed. 657 consultations were made. 455 (69.3%) by telephone, and 202 (30.7%) in person. 287 (43.7%) asymptomatic and 370 (56.3%) symptomatic: runny nose (27%), fever (23%), cough (22%), sore throat (14%), gastrointestinal (4.8%), respiratory distress (3.6%) among others. 394 patients (60%) were contacts, 254 (64.5%) intrafamily, 89 (22.6%) at school, among others. 467 (71.1%) had at least 1 follow-up, 451 (96.6%) by telephone and 16 (3.4%) in person. 78 (11.9%) were positive, 504 (76.7%) negative and 75 (11.4%) did not perform the test. 646 (98.3%) outpatients, 1 admitted to ICU. None died. Conclusions: through telemedicine, we could implement an adequate follow-up of COVID 19 cases and contacts and identify situations that required in-person care. In most cases, the disease was resolved in an outpatient manner. Patients under 12 were more asymptomatic and the source of infection was a cohabitant more frequently than in those over 12 years of age, these differences being statistically significant (p=0.006 and p=0.005). The clinical presentation in this population was similar to reported data. The timely telephone follow-up and orientation contributed to the adoption of measures to reduce infections and viral circulation and enabled patients and families to feel physically and emotionally accompanied.
Copyright (c) 2022 Elisa Díaz, Carolina Cimarra, Josefina Montes de Oca, Maite Agorio, Cecilia Galíndez, Mónica Pujadas, Verónica Parodi, Daniel Iglesias https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2025 Comité Editorial SUP https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Guidelines for children, adolescents and their families
Copyright (c) 2025 Karina Machado https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correction guidelines for severe hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients
Copyright (c) 2025 Andrea Rodríguez, Lucía del Puerto, Héctor Telechea https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding vascular lesions. Speaking the same language
Vascular lesions are a group of entities that are sometimes confused in terms of definitions and terminology. It is common that healthcare teams may use inconsistent nomenclature when referring to these lesions, which can lead to misinterpretations. In this paper, we aim to unify concepts based on the existing classification of vascular lesions by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA). This classification divides them into two main groups: vascular tumors (abnormal cellular proliferation) and vascular malformations (abnormalities in vascular endothelial architecture). We describe the characteristics of venous malformations, capillary malformations, lymphatic malformations, and arteriovenous malformations. These conditions differ in their clinical, imaging, histological, prognostic, and therapeutic features. Management can be simple or complex and must be tailored to each patient. Therefore, these conditions are ideally approached by a multidisciplinary team. This team should include a pediatric surgeon, vascular surgeon, interventional radiologist, dermatologist, plastic surgeon, among other specialists who are knowledgeable about these pathologies and have appropriate management strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Melina Farías, Alejandro Andrade, Lucía d'Oliveira, David Menoni, Javier Rodríguez, Mariela Álvarez, Andrés García, Agustina Acosta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2025 Natalia Hermida, Estefanía Cabo, Lucía D’Acosta, Analhí Mogni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fluid management protocol for critically ill children during invasive mechanical ventilation
Fluid resuscitation is an important intervention for children in shock. However, evidence shows that a positive fluid balance and the consequent Fluid Overload (FO) are associated with increased mortality and morbidity in critically ill children. Documented complications include increased days of invasive mechanical ventilation (MV), incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), and prolonged hospital stay. Patients admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs) are at a particularly high risk of developing FO due to the confluence of factors such as: 1) excess fluid administration before and during PICU admission (initial resuscitation, maintenance fluids, drug infusions, and transfusions); 2) increased water retention secondary to the activation of various counterregulatory hormonal mechanisms−such as the non-osmotic release of antidiuretic hormone; and 3) capillary leakage into the interstitium, which contributes to tissue edema and organ dysfunction. Pediatric clinical studies have demonstrated that fluid restriction strategies and FO prevention are associated with lower mortality and a reduction in the duration of MV. In this regard, FO−largely of iatrogenic origin−must be recognized as a central clinical challenge, and its prevention, as a priority. This paper introduces a preventative strategy for fluid overload, based on the best available evidence, with the purpose of being applied in the PICU and contributing to mitigate the adverse impact of FO on this vulnerable population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sebastián González-Dambrauskas, Andrea Rodríguez, Lucía Quintela, Gabriela Sequeira, Héctor Telechea https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review of new biological drugs and JAK inhibitors approved for children and adolescents with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease that predominantly affects children and adolescents, with a significant impact on their quality of life and psychosocial well-being. The majority of patients with atopic dermatitis have mild forms and improve with hygiene measures and topical treatments, but 5–20% are moderate or severe, and in these cases, other interventions are required. Until a few years ago, immunosuppressants such as systemic corticosteroids, cyclosporine, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and methotrexate were the only systemic treatment options available for patients with moderate or severe AD, but presently, other therapeutic options exist for these patients, such as biological drugs or JAK inhibitors, among others. This paper aims at reviewing recent advances in the treatment of AD, specifically focusing on these new biological drugs and JAK inhibitors approved for the treatment of moderate to severe AD in children and adolescents, with special attention to the drugs used and available in Uruguay.
Copyright (c) 2026 María José González , Patricia Kutscher, Agustina Acosta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hepatic hydatidosis in a 16-month-old infant, a diagnostic challenge
Hydatidosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus, whose transmission persists in rural areas due to contact between dogs and livestock. Its clinical course is generally slow and asymptomatic, which delays diagnosis and increases the risk of serious complications. We present the case of a 16-month-old male infant, a rural migrant, who was admitted with abdominal distension, vomiting, and fever. Imaging studies confirmed the presence of a hepatic hydatid cyst. The patient initially received treatment with albendazole and subsequently underwent surgical resection of the cyst, with favorable clinical outcome. This case is relevant because hydatidosis is usually diagnosed at older ages, whereas in this patient, it manifested early and with nonspecific abdominal symptoms. This highlights the importance of considering this disease as a differential diagnosis in pediatric abdominal masses, as well as the need for a timely approach that combines diagnostic imaging, antiparasitic treatment, and surgical resolution. Finally, the importance of preventive measures, including canine deworming and community education, is emphasized in reducing the burden of this disease in endemic regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Natalia Sanabria, Karen Campos, Wilson Rincon, Karol Torres, Yurley Pinto, Lorena García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exogenous Cushing’s Syndrome secondary to corticosteroid administration
Introduction: Cushing’s Syndrome (CS) is an endocrinological disorder characterized by elevated and sustained cortisol levels. In childhood and adolescence, it is the most common cause is corticosteroid prolonged administration. Objectives: to describe the case of an adolescent with exogenous CS; analyze the difficulties in its initial diagnosis; and reflect on the rational prescription of glucocorticoids. Clinical case: 11-year-old male with a history of alopecia areata and treatment with prednisone 30 mg/day for 5 months. Weight gain of 15 kg, accompanied by mood swings, occurred. One week prior to consultation, the patient presented with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia accompanied by abdominal pain. Examination revealed features characteristic of CS. The corticosteroids were gradually tapered, with favorable outcomes. Discussion: the development of exogenous CS is related to prolonged administration of corticosteroids, which leads to alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, with manifestations such as central obesity, moon-shaped facial features, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and osteoporosis. Early diagnosis is essential to minimize this risk, as well as the implementation of strategies for gradual and controlled of the corticosteroid dose, allowing for functional recovery of the HPA axis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Miguel Ángel González, Alejandra Vomero, Martin Notejane, Patricia Purtscher, Federico Garafoni, Noelia Speranza, Loreley García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Being part of the Uruguayan Society of Pediatrics (SUP)
Copyright (c) 2025 Sergio Venturino https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impacto of hepatitis A vaccination in Uruguay (1984 - 2023)
Copyright (c) 2025 Marcos Delfino, Catalina Pírez, Mónica Pujadas, Elizabeth Assandri, Claudia Romero, Flavia Chamorro, Virginia Perdomo, Federica Badía, Alicia Montano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clinical pattern of atypical manifestations of dengue and severe dengue in children hospitalized in a tertiary care hospital in Argentina
Copyright (c) 2025 Ximena Juárez, Laura Miño, Ma. Eugenia Sevilla, Fernanda González, Carmen Burundarena, Ma. José Rial, Valeria Aprea, Vivian Bokser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
First national report on empyema due to streptococcus plurianimalium in pediatrics
Copyright (c) 2025 María Parada, Santiago Piñeiro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Introduction: infectious diseases represent a significant threat to health, with many of them being climate-sensitive. The increase in global temperature, generated by human activities, causes variations in climate patterns and an increase in the frequency of extreme meteorological events. All of this determines important and serious impacts on health. Objectives: to raise awareness among physicians and healthcare workers about the impact of climate change on health, with a particular focus on its effects on infectious diseases. Methodology: a review of the scientific evidence (systematic reviews) published in the last 5 years in PubMed on climate change and infectious diseases was carried out. A table was created for data extraction, where the following were recorded: title, author, year and place of publication, objective, period of studies included in that review, and continent and/or countries, factor or disease considered, and results and/or conclusions. Results: 36 reviews were identified, 8 of which met the objective and were selected. The research works included countries in America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Europe. In all the reviews, the increase in temperature showed a strong correlation with infectious diseases, increasing their incidence. The diseases referred to were: diarrheal diseases (parasitic and bacterial), dengue, malaria, West Nile virus, leptospirosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and hand-foot-mouth disease. An increase in the distribution area of vector-borne diseases was also identified. Conclusions and comments: the systematic reviews, carried out in different countries and on different infectious diseases, conclude that climate change significantly influences the increase in the incidence and distribution thereof, and this trend is expected to continue. It is imperative that the health sector actively engage in environmental management practices to contribute to slowing down these changes, anticipate, adapt, mitigate their consequences, and consider these factors in the planning and development of health policies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeth Assandri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Introduction: typhoid fever (TF), caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhi, remains a significant disease in endemic regions, despite advances in prevention and treatment. Although its overall incidence has decreased, it still primarily affects children and adolescents, especially in areas with poor sanitation. Objectives: to describe the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to a clinical case. Clinical case: a 5-year-old girl presented with fever during 5 days, weakness, headache, abdominal pain, and vomiting, which was initially interpreted as a probable urinary tract infection (UTI). The diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of Salmonella spp. in blood culture; serotyping was S. Typhi. Her mother presented fever and headache, with isolation of S. Typhi in 2 blood cultures. Both cases progressed favorably. The patient had no known contact with patients or carriers of TF, or possible contaminated food. Discussion: timely diagnosis and antibiotic treatment are key to avoiding serious complications and the spread of the disease.Primary prevention plays a fundamental role in reducing its incidence. In Uruguay, it is important to consider TF among the differential diagnoses of acute febrile illnesses with nonspecific or atypical presentation and a secondary familial case of TF.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cecilia Rusiñol, Alejandra Vomero, Martin Notejane, Liliana Cedrés, Catalina Pírez, Loreley García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experience with the use of XPERT MTB/RIF Ultra in stool samples for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children
Copyright (c) 2025 Claudia Gutierrez, Ma. Elena Cardoso, Gabriela Amaya, Valeria Moreira, Soledad Pandolfo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0